Morality of specific actions

It is not a secret that everyone can make mistake and there is no person who has never made mistake throughout the life. But what mistake and what sequences and problems it can lead to – it is another question?For instance, when in 1986 the specialists responsible for the Chernobyl Nuclear Power plant lacked a ‘safety culture' resulting in an inability to remedy design weaknesses despite being known about before the accident – they made mistakes (Causes of the Chernobyl Accident 1). Afterwards, those mistakes led to the global disaster. The chain reaction in the reactor became out of control creating explosions. High radiation level took place in the surrounding 20-mile radius and more than 30 people were killed immediately and about 135,000 were evacuated. In general, the result of the mistakes was 2,500 deaths (Health and Physiological   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consequences 1).Actually, it is very difficult to evaluate the damage and consequences of th e Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster. Thus, evaluating the specific actions of the specialists in this case, we can say that off course their mistakes were inadmissible and these people had to be hold to higher standards of legal responsibility and their actions had to be considered as a crime.As to the advantages of the given position it should be pointed out that higher standards of legal accountability and responsibility make people understand the importance of their specific actions and problems, which can be caused, as a result of their mistakes. Such punishment will help to avoid repeating the similar accidents in the future.On the other hand, the given position has also its disadvantages. For instance, if higher standards of legal responsibility take place a doctor will think twice before to start a difficult operation. However, sometimes a doctor has to make an urgent decision and has almost no time to take into consideration all factors and threads, as a result of which a patient c an die. In this case, a doctor has to think about a patient and try the best to safe his life, but not about higher standards. So, coming to the conclusion it should be emphasized that higher standards of legal responsibility have to take place, but also they have to take into account all possible circumstances, which may occur in the future.ReferencesCauses of the Chernobyl Accident. Retrieved October 15, 2006Health and Physiological Consequences. Retrieved October 15, 2006

Dorothy Parker Essay

Dorothy Parker was an extraordinary woman. Extraordinary in her writings and extraordinary in what she achieved with her writings. Her books of poems and her short stories were bestsellers and her columns in The New Yorker were extremely popular. She was one of the only women and a central figure of the Algonquin Hotel Round Table, where all the great literary geniuses of her time would eat their lunch. Newspaper columnists qouted her and two Broadway plays were written about her. Briefly,she was one of the most talked about woman of her time. What is striking is that her fame came from her writings. So much fame for a woman’s writings is unusual nowadays but let aside in her time. And besides that she was not a minor writer but her literary output in the end was quite small: two volumes of short stories and three of poetry. The last decade of the nineteenth century and the first two decades of the twentieth was a time of large scale political movements and social changes among women. A new generation of women writers emerged with Dorothy Parker as their most famous one. More oppurtunities for writers existed before the dominance of radio film and television. The newspapers and magazines flourished and only the area of New York City alone published 25 daily newspapers. The â€Å"New Women† as they were labeled were worried with winning women’s rights: the vote, education, economic freedom, acces to a career and a public voice. These women were educated and progressive and wanted a break with the conservative past. Women writers of the era did not see marrying and having children as their ultimate goal in life. They rejected the traditional women’s sphere and claimed a the territory of arts that had been a complete male territory before. Many feared to be thought of as â€Å"women writers†. Dorothy Parker said that her most fervent prayer had been â€Å"Please, God, don’t let me write like a woman†. Parker’s writings on the other hand were for the most part confined to women and to what is important to them. What made Parker so succesfull? What made that era crave her writings? In order to understand Parker’s succes we need to view her works in the context of the time they were written. Dorothy Parker was born in 1893. The most striking evidence of change of the role of women in society at that time was the emergence of the college educated and self supporting new woman. By 1870 there were eleven thousand women students enrolled in higher education (21 procent of all students) and a decade later there were forty thousand women students enrolled in higher education (32 procent of all students). After they graduated they had to choose between a traditional role of domesticity and young marriage or a career of paid work. On August 26, 1920 women officially earn the right to vote by the 19th Amendment. Although women did not become a strong political force right after that the Amendment did increase the power of women to effect change. Another important aspect of the changes in women’s postion in society these years was the first world war. Although the United States participated in the war for a relatively short time and did people not really have a clue about what was going on in Europe the war did change American culture significantly. More than four million American men were were mobilized and sent off to Europe. One of the outcomes of this was that women entered the workforce in increasing numbers. Working not in only jobs that were particulary feminine jobs like nursing but also in offices and factories, in stores and governmental agencies and more. Women found themselves working in previously male-dominated fields and they were earning higher wages than in the past. These changes gave women a new notion of indepedence and self-confidence. In 1920 23.6% of the workforce was female with 8.6 million females, ages 15 and up, working outside the home. In 1920, for the first time in American history more people (54.3 million) live in cities than rural areas (51.4). As people became to move into the cities their lifesty les changed. Cities have more activities like going to the theater and nightclubs. Women in the cities were more likely to work in restaurants or offices and other locations that took them away from home. All these factors together created an environment of freedom that women had never seen in the past. One of the most visble outcomes of this freedom was the emergence of the Flapper girl. The breakdown of the Victorian sexual norms was a gradual process but slowely the American society was ready for newer ideas about sexual norms. The young working class woman had been known for her flamboyant dresses and love of nightlife and dancing. .They were relatively economically autonomous and freed either by work or school from intense familial supervision, and began to find a more individualistic culture for themselves. Women’s appearance changed to a slender and smaller silhouette no longer restricted by petticoats and corsets.When the war began women started to favor more practical, shirtwaist-style dresses. These dresses gave more freedom of movement and a greater exposure of skin. First they inched up to calf length then up to knee length. Flappers didn’t show their feminime curves, cut their hair short and wore dark eyeshadow. As the United States was becoming more and more urban, industrial production increased by 60 percent during this decade while population growth was 15%. Mass production requires mass consumption. Advertising became more important tempting people to purchase the latest fashions and newest cars and spend money on nightclubs and restaurants in the cities. For women this industrial production meant that they were more likey to have vacuum cleaners, washing machines, refrigarators and other household appliances that lightened their household work. This increased their leisure time. Advertisements targeted women in the 1920’s. Women seemed to have more economic power than before and seemed to be in charge of the households money. However these advertisements still reflected traditional thinking of the women’s role in society. These advertisements stressed domesticity and pleasing men over any message of independence. Dorothy Parker was born at the very start of this period of the â€Å"modern woman†. While men and women were now equal under the law, discrimination against women still persisted. Throughout the 1920’s and 1930’s women were still struggling against restrictions. For example, in several states women were denied to serve on juries till 1940. The economic advances for women, too, were minimal. There was still a strong sexual division of labor. Discrimiantion in family responsibilities, education, salaries and promotions remained plentiful. During the depression women lost the gains made in the career world during the 1920s. And a renewed emphasis on the woman at home crushed the recently gained hopes for equality. More and more a stereoype emerged that women during the 1920s were sexually active (the Flapper) but politically apathetic. Parker’s work points a sharp finger at that stereotype and defies is. She keenly points out the ongoing struggles for women to break free. Parker began her professional life in 1915 when she went to work as a caption writer for Vogue at a salary of ten dollar a week. By 1917 she transferred to Vanity Fair and worked for editor Frank Crowninshield until 1920. From 1919 to 1923 Parker wrote poems, sketches, essays and columnd for more than thirty-five different literary journals and magazines. Parker’s first poem â€Å"Any porch† pubished in Vanity Fair in september 1915 presents nine different female voices who discuss various topics as the vote for women, a game of bridge, someones new haircut and the war in France. In 1916 she wrote a series of â€Å"hate songs†, satiric descriptions of husbands and wives, actors and actresses, relatvies and so on. These â€Å"hate songs† made Parker very popular. She soon began to build a reputation as a sophisticated young writer with a witty message. In 1926 her first collection of poems was published. Parker soon played a distinctive voice calling for equality and social independence for women. This distinctive voice calling for equality and social independence for women was not out there in a way the feminist movements of that era were calling for it. This voice was hidden between the lines of her poems and stories. â€Å"The Waltz† was published in The New Yorker in september 1933. The story reflects the thoughts and conversation of a girl who is dancing a waltz with a man who dances very badly. He steps al over her feet and kicks her in the shin every so often. She keeps saying that she’s not tired, that it didn’t hurt when he kicked her and when she gets past all feeling, the orchestra finally comes to a stop. When it does, she tells him that she wishes he’d tell them to play the same thing. She said that she would simply adore to go on waltzing even though she hates it. The two voices in this short story reflect the contrast between a polite public voice and a witty and angry private voice. These two voices reflect a clear statement of the w oman’s outward conformity and inward rebellion. In this way the two voices in â€Å"The Waltz† are metaphoric for the woman’s powerlessness. Right from the start of the story it is clear that the woman does not want to dance with this man. She does not want to dance at all but definitely not with this man. But still she gets up and dances with him. Parker is trying to point out that there is not that many young women out there who say what they think. There is not really an alternative for the woman in this story, how can she be rude? She can’t be rude to a man who asks her to dance. Women after all were supposed to please men. Parker does not judge the woman in this story for not saying what she thinks. She is not trying to bring young women who act like that down. She just simply wrote down how things like this work in a woman’s head and letting the world know that woman do not always smile from the inside when they smile from the outside. In 1929 Parker published another short story with an hidden message about gender roles. In â€Å"Big Blonde† Parker tells the story of a talented woman, Hazel Morse. Men seem to like her and as Parker wrote â€Å"Men liked her, and she took it for granted that the liking of men was a desirable thing†. Hazel Morse wants men to like her and â€Å"she never pondered if she might not be occupied doing something else†. She had been working for a couple years untill she met her husband. They got married and in the beginning everything seems fine. As the story goes on it becomes clear that Hazel Morse’s life revolves around pleasing her husband while she is so bored and unhappy at home. She gets divoced and gets married again a couple times but in the end in all her marriages and in the rest of her life she is never occupied with anything else than a desire for men to like her. One other desire Hazel Morse has is a desire for nice furniture and clothing. With every men that comes in to her life Parker describes wheter he is rich or not and what he buys for Hazel Morse. All this stuff does not make her happy either. At the end of the story Hazal Morse tries to commit suicide. What Parker tried to point out here is that women like Hazal Morse are only occupied by a desire for men to like them. This constant desire in the end makes women unhappy because they do not ask themselves what they want for themselves. She also targeted the new american consuming culture in this story. Parker stated that nice clothes and nice furniture are not going to make women happy in the end. Again, just as in â€Å"The Waltz† Parker does not judge Hazal Morse for her actions. But she does make very clear that the life of women who never ponder if they might be occupied with something else than pleasing men is not going to end well. In her stories on gender relations Parker did not criticize women directly but she does have short stories and poems in where she criticized women directly. In one of her early poems (1916) called â€Å"Women: A Hate song† she writes in the first paragraph of the poem how much she hates domestic women. She thought they were â€Å"the worst†. In her poem she groupes them together, there are no individual housewives they are all just as worse. They claim to all be always happy in Parkers view and all they do is hurry home to provide dinner for her family. The rest of their days are filled with making dresses and trying out recipes. Parker, by saying that she hates â€Å"the domestic ones† the most of all made a clear statement about the traditional role of women in society. She hated it. She hated the idea of women staying at home their whole lifes to take care of their families. Interesting is that she did not only criticize housewives but she also became known fo r her condemnation of the flapper. In her poem, â€Å"The Flapper† written in 1922 she starts her poem of by saying that flappers are innocent. Then she continues to say that flappers are not â€Å"what grandma used to be†. Women wanted to break from the traditions from the generations before them but in the way Parker said it in this poem it is not meant as a compliment. She also says that flappers are â€Å"girlish†. By saying this it becomes clear that Parker did not take them serious. They were not serious and grown up women but they were all young girls. She then continues to say that there is no more harm in them â€Å"than in a submarine†. Which clearly means that Parker thought they were capable of doing damage to the whole society. She also writes that the flapper girl is not â€Å"in control† and that people only focus on their pranks. They are only noticed for their unruly behaviour and not for any good that they do. She ends this poem by saying that the Flapper girls are young and that the life the live is a rough one. This poem makes clear that Parker did not agree with the way the Fl apper girls were trying to break with the past. The way the Flapper girls were trying to challenge the norm was not the best or most productive in Parker’s eyes. â€Å"Men seldom make passes, at girls who wear glasses† is one of Parkers most famous quotes. The quote was not actually written as a quote but as a poem in 1926 under the title â€Å"News Item†. In one line Parker was able to describe that men were usually not charmed by the smart women in society. (Since glasses are associated with intelligence or education). The modern woman had achieved more equality in education but as Parker describes men did not seemed to like these educated women. The major themes in Parkers writings are a lack of communication between women and men, disintegration of relationships, motherhood, women’s emotional dependency upon men, the selfishness of the wealthy and the danger of empitness in women’s lives. Her audience was broad. She managed to write for men and women of different social classes. The purpose of a writer was in Parkers opinion â€Å"to say what he feels and sees†. â€Å"Those who write fantasies† she did not consider artists. This nation of â€Å"to say what he feels and sees† made her stories extremely recognizable. In one of her short stories â€Å"A telephone call† Parker describes a woman waiting for a man to call her. The man had promised to call her at 5 and at 7 he still has not called. Parker described what goes through the woman’s mind. Anyone who has ever waited on a wanted telephone call knows exactely what the woman in the story goes trough because Parker sets out t he woman’s thoughts in so much detail. Her writings are satiric, which makes them fun and easy to read but behind and between the lines there is a clear message. A lot of the times this message were convictions on the existing gender relations in society. From her writings it becomes clear that Parker was a feminist. Later in her life she was quoted saying â€Å"I’m a feminist and God knows I’m loyal to my sex, and you must remember that from my very early days, when this city was scarcely safe from buffaloes, I was in the struggle for equal rights for women.† She did however never join one of the organized feminists movements. The feminist movements of her time convicted the gender relations in a more serious and less humourous way. Her talent to convict these gender relations in a humourous way are undoubtly one of the reasons of her succes. The majority of the people was not interested in reading serious and bitter comments on the gender relations. In her â€Å"New Item† poem she could have said: â€Å"Men are sexist pigs who want to hold women in the kitchen were they belong.† Instead of that she wrote a brilliantly witty poem that everyone knows untill today. Dorothy Parker might have been a feminist secretely fighting for women’s rights, she did not wanted to be associated with any sort of woman. In her short story â€Å"Women: a hate song† she basically stated that she hates every sort of woman. From the housewives to the Flappers. Parker wanted women to take advantage of the rights they had attained and she did not feel like enough women were doing that. What she rejected most of all were the standards for female writing and thinking. One of her biographers Marion Maede wrote that Parker did not presented herself so much â€Å"as a bad girl† but as a â€Å"bad boy, a firecracker who was agressively proud of being tough, quirky, feisty.† Parker’s writings satisfied a craving for comments on this â€Å"modern women† and the new gender relations that were a part of that. Women in American society on the one hand were happy on the one hand with their new achievements of equality between men and women. On the other hand, they were dissapointed in the actual changes. Not only were the achievements in equality by law, in economic advances and education not what they had hoped for, they were also dissapointed in the new image of a stereotype women who was sexually liberated but in every way was the minor in relationships between woman and man. These dissapointments and discriminations of the modern women were not out on the surface. No one would have probably even been able to explain at that time what these dissapointments and discriminations exactly were. Dorothy Parker could see the friction underneath the surface of a sophistication-thirsty, consumer-obsessed American society. In her short stories and her poems she was able to point a sharp finger at all these dissapointments and discriminations. She was able to do that in a humourous satiric way. Not in bold statements, but in a subtile way behind and between the lines of her writings. Her greatest achievement was that her writings were attractive to read for women and men. Popular writing for both sexes would be a great achievement nowadays but even more in that era in which the tensions between gender relations were at its sharpest. All these things combined made Parker succesfull in making her readers observe modern culture in a different way, and they all loved reading it. Bunkers, Suzanne L. Dorothy Parker as Feminist and Social Critic (1987). Evans, Sara M. Born for liberty. A history of women in America (New York 1989). Keats, John. You might as well live. The life and times of Dorothy Parker (New York 1970). Keyser, Catherine. Girls who wear glasses. In A New Literaty History of America edited by Wernes Sollors and Griel Marcus (Harvard 2012). Parker, Dorothy. Complete Poems (1999). Parker, Dorothy. Here Lies. The Collected Stories of Dorothy Parker (New York 1933). Sagert, Kelly Boyer. Flappers: A Guide to an American Subculture (2010). ——————————————– [ 1 ]. John Keats, You might as well live. The life and times of Dorothy Parker (New York 1970) 9. [ 2 ]. Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xvi. [ 3 ]. Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xvi. [ 4 ]. Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xvi. [ 5 ]. Sara M. Evans, Born for liberty. A history of women in America (New York 1989) 147. [ 6 ]. Sagert, Kelly Boyer Flappers xiv. [ 7 ]. Sagert, Kelly Boyer Flappers xiv. [ 8 ]. Evans, Sara M Born for liberty 161. [ 9 ]. Evans, Sara M Born for liberty 161. [ 10 ]. Sagert, Kelly Boyer Flappers 15. [ 11 ]. Sagert, Kelly Boyer Flappers 20. [ 12 ]. Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xxv. [ 13 ]. Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xxvi. [ 14 ]. Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xxvi. [ 15 ]. Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xix. [ 16 ]. Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xix. [ 17 ]. Colleen Breese, introduction in Dororthy Parker Complete Poems (1999) xxvi. [ 18 ]. Catherine Keyser, Girls who wear glasses, in A New Literary History of America, edited by Werner Sollors and Griel Marcus (Harvard 2012).

British Airways Supply Chain

Operations and Supply Chain Management ESMT Case Study British Airways: A Journey in Procurement Transformation Q1  In the case what are the challenges faced by the procurement group in coming 2 years ahead? There are several challenges the procurement group faced between 2004 and 2006. First of all, keeping up with the success of the past years, especially the cost and performance improvements and also keeping investors happy (constant increase of share price since the beginning of 2003).Secondly, the procurement group was to face challenges when rationalizing the number of suppliers, building cross business conformity to develop a uniform sourcing process, reduce spending and leveraging it. The roll out of additional tools of Ariba’s spend management solution, which was supposed to cover all spend categories was another challenge. Since it in the beginning only consisted of a small group of suppliers extended over the coming month, which might lead to difficulties when trying to increase conformity with preferred suppliers. Those shall be decreased to 2000, which will make it easier to manage them and also to develop proper sourcing strategies. However integrating the different Ariba system tools represented another challenge, and was important to make sure that orders are based on the same agreed terms. Furthermore the procurement group planned to adjust catalogues. The challenges it faced here were to make ordering simpler, support transactions with preferred suppliers, decrease invoice mismatches, speed up approvals and advance requisition accuracy.In addition to this another future challenge was to rollout to overseas operations and subsidiaries. This would mean another reduction in employee headcount in other divisions and could lead again to resistance to change amongst employees. Therefore change management would be an essential tool to tackle this challenge, while the technical part of the roll out should not be a problem. Q2 What were the solutions proposed and how did they address the problems faced? Solutions proposed were to adapt to a generic sourcing process.Initially it consisted of five tollgates. Later it was reduced to three tollgates, because of heavy workload faced by the persons in charge (External Spend Group) during the review process, which would have compromised the high level of efficiency. It supported a more structured, transparent and responsible workflow, purchasing process and cost controlling. It addressed the until then very liberal management of buyers, who sometimes could authorized spending up to ? 1 million without approval by supervisors. Adapting to a new sourcing process also meant to restructure BA’s organizational purchasing process. In order to do so, additional software for transactional purchasing of services and products was introduced. Until then this process took place through very resource intensive methods. At the time the needed software was still about to develop and it took some time to find the right one. This new software from Ariba (Ariba Buyer) was supposed to fill the gap of efficiently (time and cost) purchasing in the procurement process, which existed in this area.It ran on an external Internet platform, which enabled BA to set up working solutions more quickly. With its ability to combine several management capabilities and to centrally manage the aspects of the procurement process the system addressed the problems originating through the earlier mentioned gap. Another problem faced by BA during the implementation of the procurement transformation program was the resistance to this new process and to use of the software in all areas.It was a constant issue since the search for procurement process software and at the same time ongoing job cuts of the â€Å"Future Size and Shape† initiative in the year 2000. Three years later BA started to tackle the problem by showing the advantages of Ariba Buyer, offering support (e. g. call centre for buyers) and training (â€Å"Learning Programme†). A very successful tool became the â€Å"Z-card†. It was a small enough card to be carried around everywhere and explained in pictures and simple language the steps of the new process and strategy. It also explained how this new development fit with the â€Å"Future Size and Shape† initiative. Q3  What indications are there that the changes worked? 1999-2004 In 2003, a rapid increase of strategic procurement processes showed that the implementation of the five tollgates had worked. Also the support services for buyers like the call centre turned out to be a success with over 100 calls per day. The change in procurement strategy and process had also a positive impact on the bottom-line. Procurement savings had steadily increased since the start of the change in 1999.In 2001/2002 the new development lead to savings of about ? 50 million. Just three years later in 2004/2005 it had increased by four times to ? 200 million of savings. With such a development the cost for Ariba Buyer was returned in just five months. Another indication that the changes worked showed rapid increase of orders trough the Ariba Buyer system in the second half of 2003. Several additional benefits indicated that the changes had worked. Such as more transparent spending, which shows a rise in orders processed via Ariba Buyer.This also reduced the amount of suppliers used until then by 63% in 2003. Another increase was recorded in contract compliance, where preferred suppliers started to become part of the daily business, not just reducing off contract spending and resulting in lower prices for goods and services purchased, but also reducing administrative efforts through fewer contracts. With better information on purchasing spend, it was possible to analyse which amount was spend for which supplier and product. This enabled the procurement group to start leveraging purchasing power and therefore save costs in different areas like in-flight catering in the US (15%), ground fuel at the London airports (22%) and crew accommodation in the US (17%). Also internally processing costs have been decreased, with a positive affect on error rates, transaction cost (decreased by 48%) and order-processing time, with most of the orders being transacted electronically. This gives employees more time to concentrate on value-add activities, leading to higher employee productivity. Since the workflow had been optimized less workforce was needed.Therefore BA was able to reduce headcount employed especially in procurement and safe additional costs. Q4  What could have been done differently? The procurement team should have been rigorous about the usage of Ariba Buyer right from the beginning at the implementation of the software. This could have been done by closely monitoring the usage of the software by buy ers, but also by making sure that employees actually know how to use it and what the purpose of the software is. This could have been easily achieved by training workforce and supporting the software right from the beginning as ell. The time taken until reinforcing measures (like in 2003 for tighter NDI controls) was too long. During this time buyers were too greatly empowered with too much freedom about their decision-making. Also the introduction of the tollgates came very late in the process and should have been already in place when the new software was launched. The people in charge should have also been proactive with promoting the procurement transformation programme right from the beginning amongst employees, by introducing the intentions and goals something like the â€Å"Z-card† right at the beginning.This would have decreased resistance against the change. Also one should have thought chosen a different time to introduce the â€Å"Future Size and Shape† initiative, which at the time was just another change and caused additional resistance. The start of this initiative right at the beginning of the procurement transformation programme would have been better. Or one should have waited until people have adjusted to the initial changes and then come up with this scheme.

ORAL PRESENTATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ORAL PRESENTATION - Essay Example According to Helen Gardner an art historian, the depth and scope of his likings were without practice and "his personality and mind seemed superhuman, the man himself remote and mysterious." In addition, it is claimed that, despite the various assumptions about Da Vinci, his world vision was logical rather than enigmatic and that the experiential methods he engaged in were rare during his time. Da Vinci was born out of marriage to a lawyer, and a laborer woman, Caterina, in Vinci within the Florence region, Leonardo da Vinci got his education in a studio of the well-known Florentine painter Verrocchio. Most of his early working life was done in Milan with the guidance of Ludovico IL Moro (Leonardoda-Vinci 4). He later on went to work in Bologna, Venice and Rome, and spent his remaining years in France. Da Vinci was well-known mainly as a painter. Amongst his works, included the Mona Lisa painting of which is the most well-known and most imitated painting, as well as The Last Supper of which is the most religiously reproduced painting ever, with their prominence coming close to only Michelangelos Adam Creation. Da Vinci’s painting of the Man of Vitruvian is also considered as a cultural icon that has been reproduced on several items such as textbooks, the euro coin, and T-shirts. There are about fifteen of Da Vinci’s paintings that have survived because of his continuous, and regularly catastrophic, experimentations with new methods, and his prolonged postponement. However, several of these works as well as his notebooks, which contained scientific diagrams, drawings, and his views on the method of painting, influenced artists of later generations matched by only that of his existing, Michelangelo (Leonardoda-Vinci 4). Da Vinci is admired for his technological inventiveness. He conceptualized a tank, flying machines, concentrated solar power, the double hull, and the calculator; he also outlined the theory of rudimentary plate

Birmingham City Council v Abdulla & Others Case Study

Birmingham City Council v Abdulla & Others - Case Study Example The actual case to be determined by the Supreme Court was not whether the plaintiffs should be paid the equal pay claims they were seeking from the Birmingham City Council; rather, it was purely a case of jurisdiction. In the case that was presented before the high court, former employees of Birmingham the City Council were demanding to be paid equal employment claims after realizing that some of their ex-colleagues had been compensated for the same by the council (Old Square Chambers, 2012). However, while the claims that the former employees were raising could be genuine and valid, the legal issue that arises in the case is that by the time they realized that their ex-colleagues had been compensated for the equal pay claims, it was already too late since 6 months had expired. The law pertaining to this situation provides that a claimant has 6 months to present their employment claims to the Employment Tribunal from the date of the wrongdoing by the employer, after which such claims would not be admissible to the Tribunal (Honeyball, 2012, p. 47). However, the same law provides that the claimants have up to 6 years to present any claim to the civil courts, from the date of a wrongful act. Therefore, finding that their claim could not be admitted by the Employment Tribunal, the claimants presented the case before a civil court. In return, the Birmingham City Council filed a response to the court seeking to have the case struck out of the civil court, on the basis that such a case was better dealt with by the Employment Tribunal, as opposed to the civil court (Old Square Chambers, 2012). The high court upheld that the case could be heard by the civil court since its circumstances did not qualify the exceptional circumstances against which a case could be struck out of the civil court and be referred to the Employment Tribunal. The defendant, in this case, the Birmingham City Council, filed an appeal regarding the high court decision, which was also rejected by t he Court of Appeal, which held the same ruling that the Supreme Court had given. It is upon the rejection of the appeal by the Court of Appeal that Birmingham the City Council filed the case for determination by the Supreme Court, so that the Supreme Court could determine whether the case could be struck out of the civil court and referred back to the Employment Tribunal (Honeyball, 2012, p. 47). Facts of the Case The case Birmingham City Council v Abdulla & Others [2012] is a case falling under the employment law, specifically under the Equality Act 2010, which provides that both the male and female workers shall be compensated the same for the services they deliver to an employer, which requires similar efforts and for which similar qualifications are required (Barnard & Hepple, 2004, p. 22). According to this act, if a woman’s contract is based on no less favorable terms compared to those of men, and the woman does the same roles and she is in the same employment, terms of equality should be applied for both men and women (Hepple, 2011, p. 54). However previously, the employer, in this case, the Birmingham City Council, had not compensated both women and men equally for their contracts for which they delivered their services to the council.  

Eating Behaviour and Dietary Quality in College Students Thesis

Eating Behaviour and Dietary Quality in College Students - Thesis Example Eating competence explains how normal people eat. It is descriptive in that sense and rigid only for that group who are not comfortable with their current eating or who are concerned about their diet and health, and seek to make a dietary transformation from distorted eating to competent eating (Satter, 2007). Distorted eating mainly arises from disordered eating that involves disturbed eating as well as unhealthy eating patterns. Such kinds of eating include eating habits such as restrictive eating, skipping meals, or even compulsive eating (Heartherton, Nichols & Mahamedi, Keel, 1995). Weight Watchers, which a lot of people hype as the finest of the diet centers because of its dependence on real, unmarked food as well as flexible menu options, does not help people in understanding and knowing about the inner competence on eating. This comes down to the issue of trust against control, according to the nutritionist Ellyn Satter, who takes care of â€Å"dieting casualties† in her practice. She reckons that people require learning to believe that they will get filled, even on food they think as highly desirable, and recognize that they can reliably control their own food intake, instead of depending on exterior rules to control those choices. â€Å"Weight Watchers is good at easing up food choices, teaching people how to eat carefully, and encouraging them to add to the diversity of food in their diet,† states Satter. â€Å"But it is still essentially a control stance they apply† (Satter, 2007, p. 56). When people rely on exterior ruleranges, and diet cops to control their eating, their association to food remains delicate. There are four factors that make up eating competence. One such factor is having a good attitude towards food and eating. This involves enjoying the food and not feeling guilty about the food or the enjoyment.  The increase of disordered eating has persisted in relation to behaviours and attitudes expressed at an early age. Studies of youthful girls disclose that a range of emotional and physical risk factors forecast later disordered eating. They include high levels of adverse emotionality, body discontent, and early age of menarche. In addition to emotional and physical factors, it has been advocated that certain situations or cultural climates intensify the risk of eating disorders, mainly in individuals who display the aforesaid risk factors. Some investigators have recognized college as an environmental risk aspect for eating disorder.  

Human Transport System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Transport System - Essay Example The atria and ventricle are separated by auricoventricular septum with a aperture guarded by three flaps called as tricuspid valve which prevents back flow of blood from right ventricle to right atria when right ventricle contracts. The opening of pulmary artery is also guarded by semi lunar valves to prevent the back flow of blood from pulmonary artery to right ventricle when it contracts. Thus right side of the heart receives venous blood from all parts of the body and pumps it to lungs for oxygenation. The left side of the heart also comprises of two chambers iii) upper left thin walled atria which receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through pulmonary veins and pumps to iv) lower left ventricle in turn opens to aorta to distribute to all parts of the body. Here again the atrioventricular septum separates upper and lower left atria and the ventricle with an aperture guarded by two flaps called the 'bicuspid valve' and the opening of aorta is guarded by 'aortic valve'. The superior vena cava collecting the deoxygenated blood from upper torso and head and Inferior venacava collecting from the lower torso and legs feeds the right atrium. The right atrium on contraction pours to right ventricle. The right chambers are small compared to left chambers as they carry blood to lungs of about a short distance. From the right ventricle pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to lungs for reoxygenation. After reoxygenation from lungs the blood is carried through pulmonary vein to left atrium which on contraction pumps to left ventricle. When the left ventricle if full the left atrium contracts pumping the blood in the left ventricle into the aorta which then distributes to entire body by means of small arteries arterioles and capillaries. Types of circulation I) Coronary circulation: Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood through the tissues of the heart for its own nourishment. The two coronary arteries branch from aorta and further branch themselves into smaller arteries capable enough to penetrate the cardiac muscles. II) Pulmonary circulation: The deoxygenated blood in right atrium is pumped to right ventricle and from there to lungs for reoxygenation and back from lungs to left atrium and subsequently to left ventricle is known as pulmonary circulation. III) Systemic circulation: the reoxygenated blood collected from lungs leaves the heart through the main artery-aorta. Aorta supplies the reoxygenated blood to all parts of the body through network of smaller arteries and capillaries. Again after the exchange of oxygen and metabolites it is collected from the capillaries of venous system and directed to the right atrium through two vena cavae. This phase is systemic circulation. During systemic circulation blood passes through kidneys for waste removal known as 'renal circulation' phase and also through small intestine known and 'portal circulation' phase. Structure and functions of the blood vessels Anatomically all blood vessels are made up of three layers i) inner -tunica intima. It is made up of flat endothelial cells resting on a layer of connective tissue with

Military Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Military Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy - Essay Example This policy is unfair and unethical because there is no proof that gays cannot serve well in the military. When we think about the issue of Don't Ask, Don't Tell, it becomes clear that this is not just a homosexual issue. Instead, it is an issue about discrimination against people who have served the military well. A Short History of Gays in the Military Gays have been recorded as being part of the military as far back as Plato and the Greeks. They understand the value of having gays in the military. Although Plato's time accepted gays in the military, there were problems as time went on with each war. As far back as the Crusades, gays were persecuted when they were found to have same-sex affairs during the 14th Century. In 1816, during the Napoleonic Wars more gays were persecuted, hanged and whipped if they were found to have same-sex affairs (Webley, 2010). By 1778, George Washington discharged a soldier from his military command and by 1916, the U.S. Military prohibited homosexua lity in the Articles of War. There were many ways to screen out gays from the military throughout the years, and by the Vietnam War, homosexuality was seen by some as a way to get out of military service, especially during this war which was difficult for everyone to understand. However, one man, Perry Watkins, was discharged from the military after 16 years of service because he was a homosexual in 1984; he sued the military and won the case in 1990 (Webley, 2010). This short history shows that gays and lesbians have been serving in the military for probably every war that has ever been fought, and there has always been a concentration on whether they should be open or closeted while they were serving. The Don't Ask, Don't Tell Policy In 1993, the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy was enacted to stop people who were homosexual from talking about their lifestyle or from practicing homosexuality while in the military. The reason this was enacted was because the military believed that if i t were allowed, it would "create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion which are the essence of military capability" (Burrelli, 2010, Summary). This was not a law, but rather a policy that was in place to make sure that service members did not talk about their sexual orientation and that they were not asked about it when they entered the service or as they continued. In other words, homosexual service members were to keep quiet about who they were and how they lived in order to serve next to heterosexual service members. In 2010, the act was repealed as unconstitutional and the military was ordered to stop enforcing it. It is the opinion of this researcher that this was the right thing to do because everyone should have the opportunity to serve in the military regardless of their sexual orientation. When this policy was put into place, thousands of military members had to leave the military based on their sexual orientatio n or live a lie in order to serve as those who were not homosexual served (Obama, 2011). In having this policy in place, it made many men and women have to hid who they were which made them feel isolated and afraid. President Obama acknowledged that this was another sacrifice that these men and women had to do that was not fair to them. The repeal of this policy will not happen quickly because the

Myspace.com Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Myspace.com - Essay Example One example Webb uses to illustrate this point regards recent news stories about sexual predators and cyber bullies whose goal is to target innocent victims. Webb suggests that users who post sexually suggestive photos and outrageous comments are attracting attention to themselves, thereby making it easier for the criminal faction to find their prey. He concludes that it is MySpace itself which is responsible for the problems outlined in the article. It is my opinion, however, that while users who ignore online safety tips when posting information on MySpace could be putting themselves in danger, this is not the fault of the social networking site itself. Actually, use of the MySpace site can be advantageous as far as encouraging communication, but users must take proper precautions in keeping certain personal information private in order that sexual predators and other criminals are not given easy means to find their victims. While many worry about Myspace as a venue for criminals, its proper usage will ensure it is not inherently dangerous. As UC Berkeley researcher Danah Boyd asserts, "It's a hyped up fear" (from Poulsen, 2). Regardless of age, Myspace users who exhibit some caution in what information they are posting online will prevent predators from easily finding them. The responsibility for exercising caution rests with the users themselves, and not Myspace. Kevin Poulsen, in his article, "Scenes From the Myspace Backlash", announces this startling statistic, "Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal announced...seven underage girls in one region of the state were fondled or had consensual sex with adult men they'd met through the site, and who had lied about their age. MySpace is a 'parent's worst nightmare'." Apparently the impetus for these crimes could be traced back to communication between online predators and the teenagers via Myspace. But is it proper to blame the website, or shoul d the blame actually lie with the users themselves Oftentimes, teenagers post personal information on their profiles, allowing the public at large access to such data as their home address, phone number, and place of employment (Wilkins). Personally, I have maintained a Myspace page for years and I would never consider it dangerous; however, this is due to the fact that I don't post personal information. My own motivation for becoming part of this online community was due more to the fact that I could find new friends and others who shared my interests. Certainly, I do not wish anyone to know my home address and show up unexpectedly at my home. MySpace has exhibited due diligence in advising users not to post real information regarding personal addresses and places of employment, etc. so that online predators are able to track them down. My profile is in accordance with the suggestions of the site and therefore I have never had concern regarding my own safety. Ultimately, it the fau lt of the teenagers themselves for using the site irresponsibly and posting information in direct contrast to the advice of Myspace managers. MySpace may be the biggest, most popular social networking site but it is not the only one. There are a whole host of other websites which market themselves as social networking

Groups in Organisations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Groups in Organisations - Coursework Example communication skills, planning and management skills etc. Bruce W Tuckman has suggested a model of group development based on four stages. Here, I shall evaluate the process of group development at Sok-Fitness Center where I am a member of the marketing team. Sok-Fitness makes partners in the workforce, so I have a female colleague Sarah with whom I work. She makes the schedules, and I go and discuss the matters with the clients. The first stage of group development is of formation. This is basically the stage of understanding the need to form a group and integrating into it. People form groups in order to have a better understanding of who performs what in the course of achievement of the organizational objective. â€Å"†¦individuals are also gathering information and impressions - about each other, and about the scope of the task and how to approach it† (Chimaera Consulting Limited, 2001). Formation of a group unites people on one platform and they are able to avoid con flicts. Our group was formed by our manager, and the two of us were assigned our respective duties by him, so there were no misunderstandings. The second stage of group development is storming. This is the stage when people feel the need to conflict over issues of mutual interest or concern. Some people enter minor confrontations while others enter into severe kinds of conflicts. The level to which the conflicts storm up varies from one organization to another depending upon the culture and policies of an organization, yet it is never entirely inevitable. People look for rules to guide them on different matters. Sarah was a new employee and needed a bit of training before making the schedules. So in the start, she and I had had some misunderstandings. She referred me to various clients haphazardly. This was causing trouble. We consulted the manager. He told us that I can schedule for myself unless Sarah is sufficiently trained. The company organized one week’s training sessio n for Sarah after which she got skilled in making schedules. The third stage of group development is norming. This is the stage when the rules of engagement are developed. These rules help the people have a better understanding of their respective roles and responsibilities in the group. Once that is achieved, people perceive one another better and can appreciate one another’s skills and differences. However, after this stage, employees may become resistant to change because of their fear that the change might distort the group. We saw this stage after Sarah was trained. We did not have troubles thereafter. The manager asked us if we would like to exchange our roles, but neither of us opted for it. Performing is the fourth stage of group development and is rare to occur. This is a stage whereby every member of the group can emotionally connect with others and change the roles and responsibilities as per the need of the hour. This is a stage in which, the members entire effort is directed towards the achievement of the goal. We were fortunate enough to reach this stage. Q. 2 Some of the most common characteristics of a successful team are mission, empowerment, involvement, willingness to take risk, unity and change (Business Advantage International, 2008). Factors that can negatively affect the team include group think and dysfunctional conflicts. Several personality traits of individuals that make part of a team also have many positive and

Normalization Employeers Productivity Essay Example for Free

Normalization Employeers Productivity Essay There are several reasons why employers should be careful not to overwork their employers. At the top of that list is securing long term sustainability. Long term sustainability involves mapping out feasible productivity plans that balance workforce output and employee maintenance costs. This means that employers must factor in several other variables aside from net profitability when determining the ideal number of hours that their employees should work. Where having company policies that encourage overtime and consequentially overwork does tend to boost individual employee productivity in the short term, Gunner (2000) showed that the increase was only part of a reverse parabolic trend, where a typical employee would work excessively reaching a productivity peak and then burn out and lose productivity within the next few months. This means that the overall productivity of a particular employee would ultimately be the same or even lower than if the company did not encourage overworking. This is also undesirable because companies also do not generally prefer a very high employee turnover which cripples production continuity and creates a negative image of the company as a temporary stepping stone to greener pastures. The despotic method of overworking employees to get the maximum profitability is not feasible in current corporate climate where it is equally difficult to find good employers as it is to find good employees. Companies should be interested in keeping good employees and this means keeping these employees satisfied with their work and their work atmosphere. Overworking is one of the major causes of stress which in turn is one of the primary causes of employment dissatisfaction (Edwards, 2003). In conclusion, companies should maintain the balance between employee productivity and satisfaction by keeping them from getting overworked. This benefits the company with normalized productivity, prevents workforce burnout, and improves employer profile. Â   References: Edwards, A. (2003). Stress: Causes, Symptoms, Complications. Kennedy Kennedy. Gunner, J. (2000). Employee Productivity Trends in Southern States Based Corporations. Harvard Press.

Stress Relief Essay Example for Free

Stress Relief Essay Stress affects human performance in so many ways that just to list the impact upon work would take half of this page. People under high stress become forgetful, are often late for work, miss appointments, have more sick days, have lower competence levels, are more irritable and difficult to get along with, are more likely to break things (by accident or intention) and are great candidates for the kinds of stress-related illnesses and accidents that drain Workers Compensation benefits. Stress reduction must be a constant, on-going process in all our lives. It helps us avoid pain, illness and accident. And, a low-stress (or low-distress) lifestyle is certainly the most pleasant. Once a client who was under a great deal of stress at the time said to me, urgently: Look, all these options youve shown me for stress management are getting to be too much. Its like using a technique to put a patch on me here and another to put a patch on me there. I dont need to get better six months from now after Ive learned a whole bunch of new things I need to be better now! The strength of that response varies with the kind and strength of the demand and the circumstances under which the demand is made. For example, a ringing phone is a demand. It gets a different strength of response depending upon when it rings. If you are taking a usual number of calls at the office at times you expect them, the demand is relatively low and your physical reaction is probably minimal. If the phone rings in the middle of the night when youre worried about a seriously ill loved-one in the hospital, the demand and your response are going to be high. The response is generally called the fight/flight response. It should be called the fight/flight/freeze/faint/fumble response, since those are the usual possible outcomes. But, whatever we call it, heres basically what happens in your body: * Your heart rate goes up. * Your blood pressure goes up. * You begin to perspire to help keep the body cool. * Blood is directed away from hands/feet/digestive system to power large muscles. * Your diaphragm (the muscle that works your lungs like a bellows) locks and your breathing becomes shallow and rapid. Your pupils dialate to help you see the enemy better. * Your awareness of hearing becomes more focused. * Your digestive system shuts down so the energy expended there can be used where its needed. (Or, alternatively, the system may attempt to void its contents, so youll be lighter and move faster. ) * Your immune and self-repair systems go on standby. After all, the processes of these systems are incompatible with heavy action. Besides, you need the energy to fight or run. If you really need to meet a physical threat, all this is great. It prepares your body to do the job. Then, after doing the job destroying or avoiding the stressor your body returns to normal. However, almost all our stressors (stressors are whatever cause stress) today are what psychologists call psychosocial. That is, they come from how we experience our selves, our work and other activities, and our relationships with other people. So, if your boss yells at you, your body is likely to react exactly the same as if you had to deal with a charging rhinoceros. Yet, you cant literally do what your bodys prepared to do: you cant throw your spear at him and run. That means youre going to carry some tension from the encounter around with you until you find a way to discharge it. Furthermore, you are likely to face many daily psychosocial stressors that cause the fight/flight response. If you dont find satisfying resolutions to your stressors, or if there are too many stressors, or if the response is too intense, eventually youre going to experience symptoms of stress-related illness. Stress symptoms may be physical or psychological. Physical symptoms range from muscle tension and headaches through high blood pressure and gastrointestinal ulcers to heart attacks and cancer. Psychological symptoms range from chronic anxiety through recurrent depression to complete nervous breakdowns. Physical activity is necessary to stress relief in helping to dissipate the stress reactions the flight/fight response. In addition, it helps you to: * Reduce muscular tension of sedentary functions. * Promote relaxation. * Sleep easier and better. * Concentrate better. * Reduce pain. * Raise mood. (Very important in anxiety and depression. ) * Reduce fatigue/restore energy. * Increase stamina, strength and suppleness to help make you stress-fit i. e. the fight/flight response is taken with greater ease and shaken with greater ease. Understanding this, you can see that a bit of physical activity might be worthwhile as a system of discharging the tensions of that fight/flight response. What exactly do you mean by physical activity? Exercise is a great idea if you can do, dont mind doing and dont overdo. A regular exercise program helps manage physical stress buildup, make s you feel better over all and probably live a longer and healthier life. But, if you really hate it and resent it, youre not going to follow through with it. You might as well try something else you find more pleasant. Participating in sports is a more enjoyable way of releasing stress and tension for many people. Regular participation is as good as a regular exercise program. Yoga, in a class or on your own, can also provide the benefits of a regular exercise program. It is, however, far less demanding for beginners, allowing the practitioner to slowly ease into the various stretches and poses. Moreover, you feel good while you are doing it and afterward. Done properly, yoga leaves muscles pleasantly stretched and stimulated. You want to say that in English? How and what you think determine how you feel (emotionally) and how you behave. If you have awareness of and control over your thinking process, then essentially you have control over everything that happens to you. In regard to the management of stress, this means that you can seize control of your reactions at the time of the flight/fight response and take the time to understand whats happening and what you want to do. (You must remember that the flight/fight response will occur automatically its a built-in survival mechanism. But you can reduce the occasions upon which it occurs in reaction to imaginary threats and you can reduce the intensity of the response to real threats that nevertheless do not affect your life, health or general well-being. ) Furthermore, since your body doesnt know the difference between real events and imaginary ones, you can use your thoughts to directly change whats happening in your body. For example, in self-hypnosis you can imagine your hands and feet becoming warmer and warmer. They will do so and at the same time you will be balancing the flow of blood throughout your body. What do I do to be a mind master, O Swami? There are a number of methods of gaining the ability to focus and control your mind, but no matter what approach seems to fit for you, they all accomplish the same tasks for stress management: Physical Benefits * Breathing slows and becomes deep and rhythmical. * Heart rate slows and blood pressure drops. * Brain waves slow to relaxed but alert level. * Muscle tension eases. * You become well relaxed. Psychological Benefits * Distressing emotion is inhibited remember, you cannot be relaxed and anxious or angry at the same time. * Calm envelopes you. Awareness is heightened and/or focused, depending on the method used. * Thought clarifies or is dispensed with, depending on the method of used. Meditation. Meditation is the method I most recommend to achieve focus and control in your thinking processes. There are many possible ways to meditate including Zen-style, chanting, mantra-repetition, awareness-training and contemplation. I recommend Zen-style. Its simple, quickly-learned, compact and easily portable. Well, O. K. , its simple to explain and you can learn how in less than a minute. But it takes a lifetime to master. However, you dont have to master the method to get the benefits you need for stress management; you just have to practice every day. Heres how: find a quiet, comfortable place to sit. Either close your eyes or allow your gaze to fall unfocused on the floor about three feet in front of you. Breathe normally and count your breaths thus: breathe in, do nothing, breathe out, count 1, repeat until you reach 4, then start over again from 1. Do nothing but breathe and count. Dont think, dont talk, dont look, dont listen. Just breathe and count. Continue for about ten minutes. Visualization. Instead of not thinking about anything, you think very specifically about one thing by making an imaginary movie in you head. For example, you might imagine yourself sitting on a tropical beach at dawn. You could see the changing colors in the sky as the sun rises, feel the soft warm breeze lift your hair away from your face, hear the plaintive cry of a gull, smell the saltiness of the water, hear the surf hitting the rocks beyond. If you can become proficient at putting yourself in such scenes, you can put yourself in scenes that make you feel anything you want to feel and you can modify any experience. Self-Hypnosis.

The Shona People Of Zimbabwe History Essay

The Shona People Of Zimbabwe History Essay The Shona people of Zimbabwe, Mozambique and southern Zambia belonged to the Bantu. They formed almost three quarters of the population of Zimbabwe and were under British colonialism for almost a century. The Shona are one of the three major cultural groupings of mixed farmers that predominated in southern Africa. The two others are the Sotho-Tswana and Nguni. Before 1500, a Shona clan, the Rozwi established a great kingdom known to Europeans as Monomotapa which stretched from the Kalahari to the Indian Ocean and from the Limpopo to the Zambezi. By the end of the 15th century, Monomotapa broke up into several Rozwi dominated successor states that survived into the early 19th century. Shona society was founded in the Zimbabwe plateau region of South-central Africa. The original inhabitants of Zimbabwe were the Shona group called Hungwe who were conquered by another group, the Mbire. The Mbire founded the Mutapa and Rozwi Empires that were destroyed by the fleeing Nguni tribes, especially the Ndebele of Southwest Zimbabwe and the Shangane of southeast Zimbabwe during the Mfecane uprisings. The Mutapa Empire covered a substantial part of modern Zimbabwe and incorporated the whole of Mozambique, South of the Zambezi river and north of the Sabi river to the sea. Some of the tribes of modern South Africa, mostly the Venda and Lovendu originated from the Shona. Other Shona tribes include Barwe, Manyika, Ndau, Korekore, Shangwe and Guruuswa. Shona society organized many of its descent principles through men rather than women. The emergence of Shona language was probably a development of the later Iron Age. Like the Sotho-Tswana and the Nguni, the Shona belonged to the so uthern Bantu language group. Shona language (chiShona) is widely spoken in, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Zambia and Botswana. Shona is one of the principal languages of Zimbabwe. Shona language has several dialects including Hwesa, Karanga or Chikaranga spoken in Southern Zimbabwe with subdialects of Duma, Jena, Mhari, Ngova, Venda, Nyubi and Govera; Zezuru dialect include Chizezuru, Bazezuru, Mazizuru, Vazezuru and Wazezuru that are spoken in Mashonaland and central Harare; Korekore dialect is widely spoken in northern Zimbabwe. The balanced and varied resources of the Zimbabwe plateau provided a wide range of environmental and economic factors to underpin the spectacular growth of Shona states. The Shona occupied much of the modern Zimbabwe and the area between the Sabi and Pungwe rivers and extended to the Indian Ocean in modern-day Mozambique. The Shona people migrated into the modern day Zimbabwe during the great Bantu expansion. Between 16th and 19th centuries, Shona groups, especial ly the Tsonga and Nguni lived in dense settlements. By 1800, the greater proportion of Zimbabwe and Mozambique was populated by the Shona people. The Ndebele pushed the Shona northwards before the invasion of the European settlers in the 19th century. Its probable that the Shona originated from the Congo Basin area and migrated southwards into Rhodesia at the end of the first millennium. The first stone building at Zimbabwe were the works of the Shona people. Most of the stone works on the Acropolis were constructed by them. The Shona also began to build in the valley during the 13th or 14th century. They established the Great Zimbabwe civilization with stone wall enclosures. The Great Zimbabwe was indeed a thriving center for professional masons. The word Zimbabwe is Shona term for houses of stone. This civilization developed in an area with excellent pasture for grazing, farming, hunting, mining and long-distance trading which made the Great Zimbabwe a prosperous state in the region. Possession of cattle was a symbol of power and wealth that was concentrated in the hands of those in the position of authority. The Shona set up many other states including Changamire, Mutapa and Torwa. In the 17th century, recruitment into the army was rewarded by cattle. Enlistment into the army made the ruling elite to organise raids for capturing livestock and other booties. In this process, Changamire state developed a professional standing army. Shona society enjoyed reasonable political organization in the decades that preceded European partition. It was divided into lineages and a male member belonged to the fathers lineage; a married woman joined her husbands lineage. Each lineage was symbolized by annual totem. Shona people identify themselves with clans rather than the group. Communities in turn have mixture of clans. The political economy of the Shona society was not based on an equal sharing of resources or wealth inspite of a political ideology that often claimed equality. The fundamental political issue was land. Control of land use for cultivation, game, grazing and mineral resources was the basis of power relations between the ruler and the subjects. The rulers claimed authority over land. Economically, the Shona practiced agriculture, mining and pastoralism. The most specialized sector the economy was gold-mining. Gold was important source of Shona wealth at Great Zimbabwe, but cattle continued to be the backbone of the economy. The Shona formed part of the gold trade network that reached China. The Portuguese had contacts with the Shona and established themselves in what became known as Mashonaland before they were driven out at the end of the 17th century by the Rozwi Changamire dynasty. In Central Africa, the Shona groups were the first to accept European settlement. But under the Mwene Mutapas, the Portuguese were never able to control the Shona absolutely. In the 1690s, the Changamire rulers who were successors of the Mutapa dominated a large territory and remained free from the Portuguese invasion. They controlled gold production and gold trade than other rulers in the Zambezi-Limpopo region. They constructed stone buildings and accumulated vast gold ornaments a t their capitals, Dhlodhlo and Khami. They collected tribute from their subjects and vassal states. They had over 3000 warriors and waged wars over their surroundings. Changamire state continued to expand before it was overthrown by conquerors from KwaZulu in the 1830s. In response to capitalism in southern Africa after 1870, agriculture and migrant labour further developed. Shona peasant farmers supplied white farmers in Rhodesia with variety of crops such as poko corn, millet, groundnuts, tobacco and so on. The Mwanamutapa was the first major civilization in Zimbabwe. It was founded in about 1420 among the Karanga people at the Great Zimbabwe. This empire expanded by 1440s to include all of the Zimbabwe plateau and Mozambique. By 1490, the empire split into two sectors: Changamire in the south (including the Great Zimbabwe) and Mwanamutapa in the north. The gold and ivory trade attracted Arab and Swahili traders who settled in the major towns. During this period, the Great Zimbabwe region became the wealthiest and most powerful society in southeast Africa. In the early 16th century, Portuguese traders and soldiers established contact with the empire. Following the visit of Antonio Fernandes to Mwanamutapa empire, the Portuguese became interested in controlling the hinterland gold trade. The Portuguese were interested in commercial activities. They opened up the trade routes to the gold-producing areas from the coastal areas of Sofala and Mozambique. The Portuguese used the Zambezi River as their major route to the hinterland. They founded fortified and garrison towns at Sena and Tete on the Zambezi. They took over the Swahili trading posts and established new ones in the gold bearing region at Masapa, Luanze, Dambarare, Ongoe and Maramuca. Through these efforts, they controlled substantial part of the Shona gold trade. But the Swahili traders diverted some of the gold resources to the coastal settlements north of Mozambique where they evaded the Portuguese patrol and transported gold to Arabia and/or India. Power struggle among the Mbire led to the fall of the Mutapa state and the establishment of the Rozwi Empire in the southwest of modern Zimbabwe. Between 1560 and 1561, a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, Goncalo da Silveira visited Mwanamutapa and converted many Shona including King Nogomo Mupunzagato to Christianity. In 1569, King Sebastiao of Portugal sent a thousand men under Francisco Barreto to gain control of the gold mines and explore the possibility of expelling the Swahili traders as well as securing protection for the Portuguese missionaries. The Portuguese expedition reached Zambezi and Sena but most of them were attacked by malaria. Despite their impressive military power, they were not able to exert enduring control over the Shona. When Kapararidze assumed power as the new Mwene Mutapa in 1628, he attempted to unite his kingdom and expel the Portuguese. In turn, the Portuguese supported his rival to power, Mavura and ousted Kapararidze. Mavura declared himself as a vassal o f king of Portugal but anti-European protests followed among the Shona. A Portuguese military expedition suppressed the protests and strengthened Mavuras reign. He continued to enjoy the military protection of the Portuguese but suffered from the shrinking territory and subjects. He granted Portuguese officials who commanded the forts at Sena and Tete jurisdiction over lands and the inhabitants of the areas. Private Portuguese individuals enjoyed similar privilege from Mwene Mutapa. By 1677, the Portuguese had conceived the idea of planting a colony of settlers in Shona to enhance Portuguese power. The European settlement in the Zambezi valley was affected by heavy mortality. However, some of the Portuguese and Indian settlers established families that promoted Portuguese power in east Africa before the 20th century. The Portuguese elements integrated into the local African culture but they were turbulent chiefs due to their firearms. By the mid-17th century, the beleaguered Mwanamu tapa empire was controlled by the Portuguese. In 1690, the Portuguese was deposed by the Rozwi that was formed by the re-united Shona dynasties. King Changamira of Rozwi extended his control over the mining region of Zimbabwe. Rozwi Empire came to an end due to the attacks of led by Mzilikazi and Ndebele during the Mfecane wars. In 1890, the British South Africa Company invaded the Shona territory. At this point, the Shona had weak central kingdom. The Shona, like the Ndebele lost their economic resources including land and cattle. They were subjected to forced labor. The British conquest also led to the collapse of the old political structures. The Shona were mobilized through the religious authority of a spirit called Mlimo. The Shona and Ndebele rose in rebellion against the British forces between 1896 and 1897 using guerilla tactics. After two to three years of the British South African Company rule, both the Ndebele and the Shona had grievances including confiscation of cattle, expropriation of land, compulsory labour, harsh taxation, insubordination of Africans by white officials. These were the proximate factor was the Jamesons raid which led to the African revolt. Jameson was the administrator of Mashonaland who conquered the Ndebele in 1893. The combined forces of Ndebele and Shona attacked the company. The European settlers lost about 10 per cent of their population. Unlike the Ndebele, the Shona were fragmented people. They were only united by religious institutions, especially Mwari whose shrines were located in the caves with elaborate priests and messengers. Mkwati and his followers mobilized the people that the Mwari was prepared to kill all the white settlers. The revolts started with localized resistance to Europeans and Company rule from 1891-96. The resistance of Nyandoro in the East of the Salisbu ry district in April 1896 marked the beginning of the Shona uprising. Shona revolt was influenced by the Ndebele uprising of March 1896 led by Mkwati who forged alliance between Ndebele and Shona against Europeans. Religious organizations were a reinforcing factor in the rebellion. People were mobilized through the Mwari religious cult. Shona resistance to colonial rule in the 1890s took the form of desertion from underpaid labour, abandonment of settlements due to tax and labour demand, theft, cattle maiming between 1894 and 1896. Globally, the Shona people are known for their art works: stone sculpture and mbira music. Despite the tremendous influence of western scientific worldview and Christianity, the Shona remained attached to their traditional metaphysics. The Shona are not passive assimilators of European modernity, they have fused western science with tradition to shape their African modernity. After the uprisings against European settlers were defeated, independence wars occurred in Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and Mozambique in the 1960s and 1970s. Since the 19th century, the Shona have migrated to work in the South African mines. They also migrated to large industrial cities. Some were dispossessed of their land in order to allow European settlers farm. Most of the Shona were educated in Chritianity missionary schools. They also benefitted from the training in improved agriculture. Rasheed Olaniyi

Merchant of Venice: The Effects of Cross-Dressing Essay -- Masculinity

Shakespeare challenges the assumption that men hold more power than women do. He subtly hints that the power men posses is superficial when Jessica dresses like a boy, and later when Nerissa and Portia disguise themselves as men in The Merchant of Venice. Masculinity is merely a costume that can be donned or doffed at will; therefore its associated power can be removed and redistributed as well. Shakespeare emphasizes gender barriers, yet also challenges them to show their inconsistencies. In court, the Duke articulates the common assumption that men represent the educated and professional members of society. As he anticipates the arrival of the "young learned doctor" (IV i143), he asks, "Where is he?" (IVi 144). The Duke has not yet read the letter from Bellario; therefore he infers that the doctor is a man based on a preconceived prejudice that doctors usually are male. Nerissa and Portia are well aware of this discrimination, so they take on the roles of men rather than disguise themselves as other women when they appear in court. They succeed in fooling everyone at Shylock’s trial that they are men, not women, thus dispute the gender barrier that presumes women are not sophisticated enough to be experts. Gratiano suggests that no barriers lie between the sexes when he refers to Jessica as a "gentle" (II vi 51). He puns on the word, which can mean a refined lady or a gentleman, implying that the two can be indistinguishable. In the final scene when Portia questions Bassanio about his ring, he declares, "No woman had it, but a civil doctor"(V i210). He suggests that the two could not represent the same person. As he continues to speak, he reinforces gender differences; he describes Portia as "sweet" and "good" then refers t... ... influence that Nerissa now has over him. Shakespeare subtly addresses gender disputes and overwhelmingly proves them erroneous. He allows Jessica, Portia, and Nerissa to cross gender lines and disguise themselves as men. While they are transformed, their actions exemplify masculine deceit. Portia makes Balthasar seem excellent, therefore proves that women can surpass men in intellect. The women ultimately challenge male power and honor with their reluctance to act as men. After proving that men do not always posses more power than women do, Shakespeare concludes the play with a scene that physically shows females with the upper hand. The women use masculinity merely as a costume, and when they "remove it" they retain power, thus prove that the two are not always coupled. Works Cited Shakespeare. Merchant of Venice. New York: Viking Penguin, 1965. Â  

Analyse the importance of Winston and Julias relationship in the novel

Analyse the importance of Winston and Julia's relationship in the novel. How does it contrast with the oppressive regime around them? Question 1. Analyse the importance of Winston and Julia's relationship in the novel. How does it contrast with the oppressive regime around them? In the novel Winston Smith was a quiet man in his late thirties , something of and intellectual , who nurses a secret hatred of the party in the face of the party continual alteration of document when he meet Julia he finds an outlet both for his heretical opinions and for the love he yearns to share with another human being. The Character of Julia in the 1984 is a young woman of 26 year old. She is very jealous of her apparent which devotion to the party that Winston suspects that she is a member of the thought police. Julia seems to follow Winston that Winston was thinking that maybe Julia also has a secret rebel love with Winston. Julia's view of life is very different from Winston she is not an intellectual given to long ruminations on the absurdity of the party and its society but ...

Analysis of Columbia’s Final Mission Essay -- Case Study, Case Analys

Putting yourself in the shoes of the managers or engineers in the case (Ron Dittemore, Linda Ham, Don McCormack, Rodney Rocha, Pamela Madera, Calvin Schomburg), consider the following questions? †¢ What prior assumptions and beliefs shaped the way that you thought and behaved during the Columbia mission? †¢ What pressures affected your behavior? Where did these pressures originate? †¢ In what ways did the culture impact your actions? †¢ If you were in that person’s shoes during the Columbia mission, would you have behaved differently? Why or why not? a) Rodney Rocha Rodney Rocha is a NASA engineer and co-chair of Debris Assessment Team (DTS). When possibility of wing damage appeared he requested an additional imagery to obtain more information in order to evaluate the damage. This demonstrates that he actually tried to resolve the issue. However, due to absence of clear organizational responsibilities in NASA those images were never received. Since foam issue was there for years and risk for the flights was estimated as low management decided not to proceed with this request. After learning of management decision Rocha wrote an e-mail there he stated that foam damage could carry grave hazard and have to be addressed. At the same time this e-mail was not send to the management team. Organizational culture at NASA could be described as highly bureaucratic with operations under standard procedures only. Low-end employees like Rocha are afraid to bring any safety-related issues to the management due to delay of the mission. They can be punished for bringing â€Å"bad news†. This type of relationship makes it impossible for two-way communication between engineers and managers, which are crucial for decision-making in complex env... ... Integration, accepted risk of foam problem based on previous observations. She preferred one-way communication and did not pay attention to the specialist (Rocha) opinion for requests for additional imagery. Culture at NASA was converted over time to a culture that combines bureaucratic, cost efficiency and schedule efficiency of the flights. This culture of production reinforced the decisions to continue flights rather than delay while a thorough hazard analysis was conducted. Managers were so focused on reaching their schedule targets that the foam insulation problem did not induce them to shift their attention to safety. It appears that at NASA managers overrule engineers when the organization was under budget and time pressure. In my opinion, high-level managers should avoid making important decisions based on beliefs and instead rely on specialist’s opinion.

Applied Social Psychology and Causes: The Case of Control Arms Campaign

During the course of discussions on topics on Social Psychology, I had a realization on the importance of Social Psychology as a school of thought. It dawned on me that the social-psychological school of thought has its relevance on how individuals perceive, create and recreate relationships within and among groups.One of the most practical applications of the range of topics within this course is in asking what makes the individual tick in a particular group. Personally, social psychology’s relevance lies in asking: what drives the individual to act in such a way within a group?In class, we have been bombarded by a mà ©lange of ideas and concepts that range from complex interpretations of social actions, to trivial and too obvious actions of the individual within the context of his social interactions.With that said, this paper focuses on the relevance of applying social psychology in social activism especially in the areas of advocacy and campaigns. Specifically, I would li ke to focus on the individual’s support for a particular cause which in this case is an international treaty.The assumption that I am making in this paper is that the different theories discussed in class are not fragmented concepts to deal with but are all helpful in making social psychology relevant in reality. With that said, the discussion here attempts to integrate the concepts to make a coherent framework with which to approach campaigning for an international treaty.Advocacy and Campaigns: The Arms Trade TreatyControl Arms (2007) stated that, â€Å"There are at least 639 million small arms and light weapons in the world.† The leading group campaigning for global measure on arms explains that around two-thirds of these firearms are in the hands of civilians. This implies that if we want peace, addressing the issue of arms proliferation is a very huge leap towards lessening gun-related deaths and in achieving world peace. However, the campaign is not without its s etbacks.Until now, no global agreement on international arms transfers exist, although the relationship is clear vis-à  -vis the high number of guns available for civilians and deaths. (Control Arms, 2003). Small arms and light weapons are considered as the new â€Å"weapons of mass destruction,† because guns kill people—innocent civilians, women and children. Guns fuel greater violence and it creates fear and trauma on communities.Americans are better off than our African and Asian counterparts because we are at peace. Ironically, we are one of the biggest producers of weapons for warfare and the biggest of which is guns.Applying Social Psychology Concepts on Advocacy and CampaignsOne of the initial weaknesses of this campaign is in the lack of public support for it. In the United States, the reactions on an international treaty that regulates arms transfers from one country to another differ greatly. It is bipolar: the pro-guns versus the anti-guns. It is also a cri sis of public perception: between what is popular and what people typically approve.A.  Ã‚  Ã‚   On NormsCialdini (2003) presents what I call a ‘social form of schizophrenia’ when there is a discrepancy between what people do and what they typically approve of—which are two entirely different characteristics. Furthermore, Cialdini proposed that norms determine actions, and thus, the prevailing norms on gun culture determine people’s behavior towards it.

Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia Nervosa is angiotensin converting enzyme of the most common consume disorders highly prevalent among the teenagers. Anorexia Nervosa is a assure which affects respective(prenominal)s who argon human faceing for perfection of their trunk shape, nevertheless which has devastating mental and the physiologic make on the individual. It is usually characterized by native low body lading and distortion of the body image.Most of those who bring into being thin shed an psychoneurotic fear of pile uping b atomic number 18(a) freight resulting to various voluntary easting disorders including starvation, purging, excessively engaging in physical exercises to raise a negative energy balance, and new(prenominal) measures like diet pills or the intake of diuretic drugs.The assure has also shown a gender dimension where female adolescents be mostly affected although enquiry shows that most 10% of anorexia hold up has been diagnosed in males.The condition comes wi th various neurobiological, psychological, and sociological effects which whitethorn lead to the death of the victim. While individuals whitethorn have an obsessive fear of boosting pack, anorexia nervosa whitethorn have severe negative effects much than what can be attributed to world over tip.What is anorexia nervosa?While the battle ranges on chip the rising case of over weight down, on that point atomic number 18 more efforts directed on the turnabout direction. The rising cases of anorexia nervosa oddly among our teenagers has been a government issue of concern to health experts promoting action on some social events like simulate competition which promote anorexic conditions especially one teenage girls (Ellison, 1999).Anorexia nervosa, which is simply referred to as anorexia, is eating disorder which affects individuals who have obsessive fear of becoming overweight. It is a psychological disorder which goes beyond eating disorder. a way from fearing baffle ove rweight, it is also an unhealthy way of trying to cope with various ablaze worrys, perfectionism and the desire to have take care.Anorexic individuals usually touch themselves with how thin they are. While it starts out as a simple way to diet, the condition may spill out of fit and become chronic therefore grueling to overcome (Simpson, 2002).Anorexic individual track down to maintain a body weight that is far below their normal body mass index, which is a ratio of individual height and weight, and which is utilize to assess the weight status of individuals. In some original cases, individuals becoming skeletally thin although due to psychological disorder they think they are excuse fat and therefore continue losing more weight. This extreme thinning comes with various health effects including psychological and physiological effects.Causes of anorexia nervosaAlthough there is no known cause of anorexia nervosa, it is postulated that biological, psychological and social cu ltural factors at bring which leads to growing of the condition. Let us look at these factors.Biological predisposition is one of the booster cable factors which lead to nurture of the condition. Research has ready out that teenagers with parents or older siblings who have developed the condition are at a higher risk. This may fate a transmittable link to the development of the condition (Ellison, 1999). Studies of twins have been used to support this possible genetic link.There is a probability that individual have genetic component towards perfectionism, sensitivity and perseverance which are traits associated with the condition. However, there is no evidence that serotonin, which is the ductless gland associated with printing, has a role in development of the condition.Psychological factors have been explored far and wide. It is postulated that it is possible that deal with anorexic individuals have psychological and emotional characteristics which may predispose the i ndividual to the condition.These individuals guide to have obsessive-compulsive personality traits which may influence them to stick to a exigent diet despite their continued thirstiness (Ellison, 1999). They may also have an extreme drive to perfectionism.For social cultural factor, research has found out that the modern western culture reinforces the desire to have a thin body. The media has created the desire to have waif-like images of models and actors who become role model for the teens. Peer contract may also have a factor to play (Simpson, 2002).How does Anorexia Nervosa evolve?Anorexia nervosa is a chronic condition which evolves in divergent details. An understanding of these acquaints is important to assist physicians to draw the most appropriate intervention that pull up stakes be appropriate intervention.The first stage is the identification of weight problem, which is an obsessive problem although the individual may non be overweight. At this stage the indiv idual begin dieting. The stage may last quaternion to six months. The mind of the victim is engaged with the need to put down weight and control the body. Close friends and family members are help oneselfless to the victim.The following(a) stage is the stagnation stage. At this juncture, the weight loss reaches its bottom and the individual cannot lose more weight (Lucas, 2005). This is a huge period which is usually filled with frustrations individuals compulsion to lose more weight which they cannot and at the same time they are not ready to gain weight.The third stage is regaining of weight. In this period, the individual fails to gain more control of her body as body cells respond to starvation. This is usually one of the most terrible periods for the individual as one cannot have more control of the body.The individual may have bulimic episodes but continued weight gain makes one frustrated and unhappy which is followed by self hate and sometimes depression (Lucas, 2005) . The individual seems to improve physically but psychologically feels incompetent setting in the paradox of anorexia.The last stage is confronting the reality. At this stage, the individual is physically correct and their weight become normal again and has no more bulimic episodes or if parade they are less intense. At this stage, individuals are able to accept themselves but with help from counselors, friends, and family members. (Lucas, 2005)

A Review of a Beautiful mind and Its Depictions of Schizophrenia Essay

A look backward of a Beautiful Mind and Its Depictions of schizophrenic psychosis Introduction In the year 2001 the movie A Beautiful Mind was released as a animation of the liveliness of John Nash. As the movie flows, we lowlife easily see how his bod, dementia praecox, interferes with his ad hominem life as well as with his fundament life and cordial life. The movie does a wide job in describing Nashs experiences and roughly of the answer that put him tooshie on his feet, and that motivated him to stay strong. Plot Review The movie A Beautiful Mind begins with an droll young mathematician by the take a crap of John Forbes Nash juniorwho is attending Princeton University in 1948. There is where he meets his roomy Charles, which is his first hallucination, just now we dont make bash that until later on. While at Princeton, Nash discovers a numerical theorem and becomes a professor at MIT. John curtly gets married to one of the graduate students by the take of Alicia, but shortly after that is diagnosed with schizophrenic disorder. Nash views he is some sort of spy because one of his hallucinated agents told him he had to cash in ones chips for the government because his profile is very high.Nash believes his hallucinations argon sure and he has to be taken to special mental hospital. Nash never loses the support from his wife Alicia. She does make a lumbering time, but she tries to deal with his condition because of the pick out she has for him. Alicia and his baby atomic number 18 the only ones that ar at that place to motivate him, but he suddenly gives in once once again and fails to demonstrate that he is entirely in the legitimate populace Nash parts from hunting lodge and has legion(predicate) hallucinations once again with Charles, Charles niece, and William, which is the man that makes Nash believe he is working for the government.Nash decides to give it his all for the love of his wife and son, after literalizi ng that William and his other hallucinations are non current life. Nash works with his condition by avoiding and ignoring Charles, the detailed girl, and William although at first it seems very hard for him to do this, he manages to conquer the temptations he use to have to talk to his hallucinations. Nash, back in the legitimate world again come to the fores teaching in the 1970s and is awarded the wise prize in economics in 1994. schizophrenic ailment Disease schizophrenia is a common unhealthiness in Ameri bunghole life and it affects 4. 5 one million million of the adult population in the United States. This disorder Lasts for closely six months and includes at least dickens of the following symptoms delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and decreased activated expression (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). schizophrenic disorder overly brings in disorders of thought, disorders of attention, disorders of perception, labour diso rders, and emotional disorders.There are three subcategories of schizophrenia paranoid, disorganized, and catatonic schizophrenia. Paranoid schizophrenia, kindred Nash experienced is, Characterized by auditory hallucinations or delusions, such(prenominal) as thoughts of world persecuted by others or thoughts of grandeur (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). Disorganized schizophrenia is Marked by bizarre ideas, often about ones body, confused speech, childish behavior, huge emotional swings, and often extreme neglect of personal appearance and hygiene (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538).Catatonic schizophrenia is Characterized by periods of wild excitement or periods of rigid, prolonged fixity sometimes that person assumes the same frozen lastingness for hours on end (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). There is no real cure for this illness. Depictions of the disease in the movie In the movie, A Beautiful Mind, schizophrenia is well sh protest as it develops in Nash s life and as it interferes with his social, personal, and home life. Nash is in Princeton University when his disease first starts to appear. In the movie we see a character by the name of Charles, which is Nashs roommate.The movie makes us believe that Charles is real life a character until later on to better illustrate the condition that Nash has to face. We believe that Charles is real because the movie genuinely shows Charles its as if we are Nashs eyes because he actually sees Charles and that is what schizophrenia does to a person. Another character that we believe is real is William Parcher and the same thing happens with this character. Everything that William tells Nash to do feels so real and taunts Nash every day as his condition worsens.Nash doesnt believe that his hallucinations are not real life and is very upset when Alicia tells him that everything is in his oral sex. This can happen to a lot of peck that have schizophrenia because in their mind everything is act ually happening and the hallucinations that they are seeing seem so real. the same Alicia, many people who have a relative with schizophrenia suffer and find it hard to believe that their relative has mental issues. Nash, diagnosed with schizophrenia had to start accepting the fact that he was ill from his mind.This not only affected his home life, but also his personal life, and his social life. Nash was at home most of the day so he didnt authentically socialize with anyone, but his wife. He couldnt horizontal be responsible for taking care of his own baby because Alicia didnt trust him that much. He baffled his job and was not able to cooperate in the relationship like a normal person. In some cases, like in Nashs case, a person with schizophrenia will be tempted to renounce taking their medications and the hallucinations can reappear.Their hallucinations can impact their mind once again and their condition can worsen. Like it was shown in A Beautiful Mind, a family can slo wly start to fall apart and the nonplus they use to have can slip away. Treatments for Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disease or condition that still does not have a cure, but we do know that its factors are biological, neurological, and environmental. Like many other diseases, schizophrenia does not have a cure, but there are chances of convalescence and medical checkup treatments depending on the symptoms that are present within the person.Chances of recovery depend on the cause of schizophrenia and their symptoms. Schizophrenia is classified as either schizophrenia causa one, or schizophrenia type two. Type one, Includes having imperious symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, which are a twist of normal functions. In addition, this crowd has no talented impairment, good reaction to medication, and thus a good chance of recovery (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). Type two, Includes having negative symptoms, such as dulled emotions and pocket-sized inclina tion to speak, which are a loss of normal functions.In addition, this group has intellectual impairment, hapless reaction to medication, and thus poor chance of recovery (Plotnik & Kouyoumdjian, 2011, p. 538). Drugs such as haloperidol can be given to keep down symptoms such as delusions. Neuroleptic drugs, also called antipsychotic drugs, are used to treat serious mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, by changing the number of neurotransmitters in the brain (Downar and Kapur, 208, p. 541). The neurotransmitter that is affected by these drugs is dopamine.These drugs will reduce the symptoms of the person which most likely will avail them recover faster and feel a bittie bit better. Inaccuracies in the portrayal of treatment measures I believe that a lot of what was trying to help Nash was very accurate, but it didnt look like he had enough support from anyone, but his wife. To me it seemed like motivation was the number one reason that he recovered. His wife told him, maybe its not in your brain, maybe its in our heart. Although motivation force have helped him, that isnt a real air to get a person with schizophrenia to spay fast. His medications and he beginning to socialize and teach again is what clearly helps him to start avoiding and ignoring his hallucinations. It almost looked like he did it all on his own, but a person with schizophrenia needs real attention. Conclusion A Beautiful Mind was very good at playing out demonstrating many actions and behaviors that a person with schizophrenia has to deal with.It showed in bang-up expound how such a disease change the life of a schizophrenic and their family. It portrayed schizophrenia type one and also some symptoms of type two. By watching this contract I became a little more acquainted(predicate) with what the disease can do. Of caterpillar track not everything about the disease can be learned from watching a movie, but this film does have many great scenes that help us become a little mor e familiar with the negative effects of the disease. The movie did a great job and is capable of at least acquiring people to have an idea of what schizophrenia is.